With two weeks to go before a decisive European Council, on Wednesday 3 December the European Commission officially presented two options – a European loan guaranteed by the Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF) and a ‘Reparations Loan’ exploiting all the Bank of Russia’s assets immobilised in the EU – to provide €90 billion to cover two-thirds of Ukraine’s civil and military financing needs, estimated by the IMF at €135 billion for 2026 and 2027.
At a time when...