In two rulings (C-304/16 and C-643/16) delivered on Wednesday 7 February, the European Court of Justice (ECJ) decided that a three party card scheme involving a co-branding partner or an agent - as used by American Express and Diners Club - is subject to the same restrictions as those applicable to four party schemes with respect to interchange fees introduced by Visa and MasterCard.
In the context of card payments, two models exist: 1) Four party schemes involve the participation of four...